The National Park Service UNCENSORED

This image shows a historical timeline display from a National Park Service exhibit. The timeline features text boxes with chronological events concerning the Timucua population and the establishment of Georgia, set on a neutral-colored background. - 1700 Estimated that only 1000 Timucua remain - 1732 General James Oglethorpe establishes colony of Georgia and becomes its first governor 1670s Pestilence, conflict, and encroachment have severely depleted the Timucuan population. 1674 One mission remains on the island, Senor An Felipe de Athuluteca. 1683 English take possession of the island briefly. 1683 Due to English encroachment and exodus of Indian population to and from the English, all missions north of Amelia ordered closed. 1733 - 1738 Gen. James Oglethorpe builds Ft. St. Andrews and Ft. Prince William.

Cumberland Island National Seashore

The image shows an educational display with a gray panel containing historical photographs, a map, and text mounted on a brick wall painted with large black letters and a blue stripe above. The display is divided into two sections titled "Pursuit" and "Trapped," each with respective captions and detailed narrative. Text: Pursuit 1:25 p.m. - 1:35 p.m. Heading to Birmingham, the battered bus turned south on Gurnee from the station and exited on 10th St., while men rushed to their cars to follow. Police escorted the bus to the city limits where they turned back, leaving the bus and its passengers to their fate. A long line of cars and pick-up trucks had followed the police escort, waiting for their chance. As the bus traveled out Hwy. 202, two of the cars raced around the front of the bus and slowed to a crawl, forcing the bus driver to slow as well. The two stalled cars slowly deflated, and the driver had to pull over at Forsyth & Sons Grocery, six miles outside Anniston. Trapped 1:35 p.m. - 1:55 p.m. After examining the tires, the driver made a futile effort to call around to find replacements (note smashed window above his head). Freedom Riders Ed Blankenheim (red) and Joe Perkins followed their training, not making eye contact or deliberately provoking confrontation. Highway patrol agent Cowling is seen here with Jim Zwerg moving the tire into the restroom before the baggage compartment between the wheels was smashed. The windows were untouched and the bus rocked in an attempt to turn it over. For twenty minutes, the angry mob pounded the bus, demanding that the Freedom Riders come out to take what was coming to them.

Freedom Riders National Monument

Design drawing showing a contour map of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park with labeled locations. The map is outlined in black on a white background with green title section at the top. Text: "SCENE 03: DESIGN DRAWING RANCHO DE LAS CABRAS MISISON ESPADA ESPARDA ACEQUIA ESPARDA DAM MISISON SAN JUAN RANCHO DE PATAGUILA MISISON SAN JOSE RANCHO ATASCOSO MISISON CONCEPCION RANCHO DEL PASTLE ESPARDA DE PIEDRAS THE ALAMO EL ALAMO Symbols Key: - Acequia (irrigation ditch) - Fields / Campos de cultivo - Roads / Rios 29 | SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK | Design Development 3 106 Group”

Likely San Antonio Missions National Historical Park

A sign with a woodcut-style illustration of a bear rummaging through a trash can in a forested picnic area. The background is black and white, while the text is prominently featured in red and black against a white backdrop. Hot dogs. Fried chicken. Watermelon rinds. Some of the most lethal substances known to bears. Here at Cumberland Gap, we ask that you dispose of your garbage properly, and never ever feed the bears. Why? Because fed bears stop looking for food in the wild and almost always become problem animals that have to be removed from the park or put to death. The good news is that we can prevent most of these tragedies just by doing the following: (1) Clean up fire grates and rings when you are finished (never dispose of food scraps or grease in rings). (2) Pick up all food scraps, aluminum foil and trash, and place them in a bearproof dumpster or trash can. (3) Never leave coolers or food unattended—keep them out of sight in your vehicle when not in use. (4) If a bear approaches your area, frighten it by yelling, banging pans together, or throwing rocks. GARBAGE KILLS BEARS.

Cumberland Gap National Park

The image shows an exhibit with illustrations and a map related to Africa and enslavement. There's a central panel of text, surrounding historical artwork depicting enslaved people, and a map illustrating the transatlantic slave trade routes, all set against an orange wall. Africa & Enslavement Slavery is as old as humankind. Powerful West Africans also enslaved the people they conquered, but bondage wasn’t always permanent. That changed when Europeans began to purchase captured Africans for forced labor in the New World. Some sold their victims and used the money to buy cowrie shells and palmwine. Yet centuries later, cowrie shells, products of the Atlantic slave trade, followed Africa to the Caribbean and the Americas. Between 1500 and 1870, an estimated 10 to 12 million Africans were shipped to the Western Hemisphere. It was the largest forced migration in history. Map text: Routes on the map depict the path of the transatlantic slave trade departing from Africa.

Fort Sumter National Historical Park

The image shows a section of a National Park Service exhibit with a focus on text against a light background bordered by a black band at the top. There are no illustrations or photographs visible. The church of Mission Concepción was built by Indian, Spanish, and mixed-blood Mestizo artisans under the direction of the Franciscan friars and dedicated on December 8, 1755. The beautiful church with its elaborate decoration made a dramatic contrast with the frontier austerity of northern New Spain.

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park

The image is an informative poster from the National Park Service for Cumberland Gap Sugar Run Picnic and Trail Area. It features images of a mushroom, a bear, and a backpacker, along with illustrations of a picnic basket, hiking boot, and hikers with a dog. The text provides information for hiking and camping in the area and warns about an invasive pest. --- **Cumberland Gap Sugar Run Picnic and Trail Area** **Adventures in the Great Outdoors** With almost 85 miles of trails, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park is an outdoor explorer’s dream! While hiking in the backcountry remember to: - Let a responsible person know where you are going and when you expect to return. - Carry a current park trail map and know your route. - Take plenty of water, at least 2 quarts per person, per day. - Wear appropriate clothing and boots or shoes with proper tread and ankle support. - Know the weather conditions before you go out and remember that the temperature can be up to ten degrees cooler at higher elevations. - Carry a small first aid kit and at least two sources of light. Camping in the backcountry requires a backcountry permit, which must be obtained at the visitor center and at no charge. **An Uninvited Pest** The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA), a small and invasive insect, is posing a significant threat to Eastern Hemlock trees within Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. Signs of infestation can be identified by the presence of white, woolly patches on the undersides of Hemlock needles. These patches are egg sacs created by the adelgids. If left unchecked, the insect can cause severe damage and ultimately kill the affected trees. **Bears live here at Cumberland Gap. If you see a bear report it immediately to a park ranger or call the visitor center at 606-248-2817 so we can document its location.** **Back the B.E.A.R.S.** Be Educated And Responsible Stewards

Cumberland Gap National Park

The image is a photograph of an exhibit panel with a text description on a dark background. There is a monochrome illustration or photograph at the top, which is partially visible. Early Logging Early in the twentieth century, loggers began harvesting the largest baldcypress trees from the Congaree Swamp. The cypress were killed by cutting all the way around the tree through the outer bark and the living tissue. The loggers would leave the dead trees standing while they dried. Months later, when the river bottom forest flooded, the loggers would return to cut the trees and float them down the river. Not all the cypress made it to the sawmills – even dried, many were too heavy to float. These early efforts to harvest the giant cypress trees were short-lived and unprofitable, so the forests of Congaree grew silent again, except for the wind in the loblolly pines, the hammering of woodpeckers, and the songs of migrating birds. Today, well-preserved cypress logs, reminders of early unsuccessful attempts to log the swamp, remain on the bottom of many of the waterways within Congaree Swamp National Monument.

Congaree National Park

A brown warning sign with white text is mounted on wooden poles by the side of a road. The sky is blue with some clouds, and the landscape features low vegetation. WARNING You May Encounter Nude Sunbathing Within Boardwalk 5

Canaveral National Seashore

A display featuring a handmade African doll in colorful clothing is set against an exhibit backdrop. Next to the doll is a sign labeled "MADE IN AFRICA" and a card titled "JUNETEENTH A CELEBRATION OF FREEDOM." Text transcription: **MADE IN AFRICA** The land where you are standing, known as Liberty Square, was the place of arrival for survivors of the largest forced migration in world history. Gadsden's Wharf was the primary port of entry for 45% of the 400,000 enslaved people arriving in Charleston for 25 years, up until the ban on slave imports at the end of 1807. South Carolina received more enslaved people than any other mainland colony. From 1670 to 1808 around 260,000 captive Africans arrived in Charleston, equaling 40% of the 645,000 people across the United States through the slave trade. Items in this collection are made by artisans from various African nations deeply harmed by the commerce of oppressive slavery. Purchasing from these high labor standards and vendors helps the progress of equitable sufficiency and dignity and equality of all people. **JUNETEENTH A CELEBRATION OF FREEDOM** Juneteenth marks both the long, hard night of slavery and discrimination, and the promise of a brighter morning to come... Together, we will lay the roots of real and lasting justice, so that we can become the extraordinary country that was promised to all Americans. -from A Proclamation on Juneteenth Day of Observance, 2021 POSTCARD $1.50

Fort Sumter National Historical Park

North elevation view of an exhibit space with a large stone wall on the left and a detailed display on the right. The stone wall features engraved text, while the display contains images, text panels, and various textures. A red circle highlights a section at the wall's lower-left corner containing a small model of a wheelchair. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1933-1945 IN COMMEMORATION OF HIS LEADERSHIP IN AMERICA’S STRUGGLE FOR PEACE, WELL-BEING, AND HUMAN DIGNITY DEDICATED BY PRESIDENT WILLIAM J. CLINTON MAY 1997 FUNDS FOR THE MEMORIAL WERE PROVIDED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ON BEHALF OF THE NATION. SPECIAL SUPPORTING FUNDS WERE PROVIDED BY: THE FRANKLIN & ELEANOR ROOSEVELT INSTITUTE THEODORE ROOSEVELT ASSOCIATION ROCKEFELLER FAMILY ASSOCIATES THE NEW YORK TIMES, WASHINGTON POST THE FRIENDS OF THE FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE WILLARD & MARJORIE KUYKENDALL AND MANY GENEROUS CONTRIBUTORS WHO HELPED TURN OUR COLLECTIVE VISION INTO REALITY. MAGAZINES MEMORIAL WALL FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT OVERCOMING POLIO PLANNING THE MEMORIAL FDR AND THE CAPITAL CITY Scale: 1/2"=1'-0" Key Plan

National Mall & Memorial Parks

The image shows an educational exhibit panel with golden illustrations of a prickly pear cactus and a prickly ash plant. The panel has a black background with text describing features and characteristics of secondary dunes. "SECONDARY DUNES These secondary dunes and dune ridges indicate a buildup of sand and soil. Higher elevation and increased distance from the ocean reduce the impact of salt water flooding and windblown salt spray. As a result, established plant species show greater growth and less salt tolerance. Salt-intolerant species begin to take root. PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS PRICKLY ASH"

Cape Hatteras National Seashore

The image consists of two similar columns of text with checkboxes, each titled "Complete the Activities Below to Become an Official Fort Raleigh NHS B.A.R.K. Ranger." There is a form at the bottom of each column for a dog and their owner to sign. The layout is simple, with black and white text and no images or illustrations. Complete the Activities Below to Become an Official Fort Raleigh NHS B.A.R.K. Ranger ☐ Take a walk with your human(s) on the Thomas Harriot or Freedom Trail to learn more about our site. While Fort Raleigh is known for its history, it is also home to a wide variety of plants and animals which you can see on these trails. Remember to always respect our wildlife! ☐ Take a photo at one of the sound side beaches accessible from the Thomas Harriot Trail, Freedom Trail, or Pear Pad Rd. Make sure your leash is present & share it on social media using #BarkRanger #FortRaleighBarkRanger. ☐ Find a quiet place to sit down with your human(s). Fort Raleigh has been home to many cultures throughout the centuries. Think about how different your life would be if you were the dog of an Elizabethan, Algonquian, or Freedmen Colony family. ☐ Time to do some tracking! Find the stone marker in the grass near the start of the Thomas Harriot Trail. Which president does it commemorate? ☐ People have made their way to Roanoke Island through a variety of means. What method of travel did you and your humans use to get here? How would that be different if you arrived here by foot or sea? When complete, bring this card back to a Ranger to be sworn in. Official Fort Raleigh B.A.R.K. Ranger I, _____________________, and my owner ____________________, promise to abide by B.A.R.K. rules at all times. I will be the goodest dog I can be while visiting Fort Raleigh National Historic Site & all other national parks. I will bag my waste, always wear a leash, respect wildlife, and know where I can go! _________________________ Park Ranger Date

Fort Raleigh National Historic Site

The image is an educational panel from the National Park Service titled "George Washington Birthplace," featuring a landscape photo at the top, illustrations of historical scenes, a timeline, a map of Virginia's Tidewater region, and artifacts. The colors are earthy and natural, matching the historical theme. **George Washington Birthplace** **Origins of a Public Man** George Washington is the most elusive of national heroes. His great stature was determined as much by his character as by the final actions he lived in the limelight of myth. As his life was magnified with legend and held up as an example to schoolchildren, Washington the man began to disappear behind the noble "father of his country," an icon that many of his contemporaries carefully created. By fixing icons in a place, we make them become an abstract to the memory, an unreal myth that marks a static event in the ever-changing lands in which people live their lives. Yet, Washington was the product of the evolving society in which he was born, a man with deep roots in a time and place we can understand. Living at Popes Creek until he was almost four, spending long periods here as an adolescent, then watching his father's slaves work these fields and watching the land around it, he lived close to the natural world, forming his deep, lifelong attachment to the land. His earliest family home is the slow rhythms of farm and water, a comforting place to a man who, living elsewhere for 49 years, longed to return. This place and his childhood studies became Washington's home port for the man who would serve America as soldier, surveyor, and eventually statesman. Even whispers of Popes Creek tend to move closer to the man... **Washington's Tidewater World** The culture that shaped Washington was one founded on abundant land and resources, returned by rivers. This "'Golden Age" of rural Virginia, after Jamestown, was shaped by intricate rivers and creeks, the waterways connecting plantation homes that were the seat of Virginia's tobacco-based economy. This agricultural colony had taken a different form than the New England or even the other southern plantations. Virginia's Tidewater was a product of the land itself, its centerpiece the Tidewater rivers and Chesapeake Bay. Excellent peppers for small boats led to economic and political power centers supporting towns that Cluster not. **Surveyor . . . Soldier . . . Farmer** "No pursuit is more congenial with my nature and gratification, than that of agriculture; nor none I so pant after as again to become a tiller of the Earth." Driven by an ambition, Washington learned early how to calculate, manipulate, and seize opportunity. At just 17, using his surveying prowess to guide his early career, he was able impart the lands he'd explore — lush mountain meadows beyond his family home that pushed him back across Virginia... (Additional content on timeline, military career, and architectural details omitted due to character limit.)

George Washington Birthplace National Monument

The image features a photograph of two people planting a tree, overlaid with the text "Deciding Our Desired Future Together." Below the photo is detailed text about forest changes in Acadia National Park due to climate change, accompanied by logos of Friends of Acadia, the National Park Service, and Schoodic Institute, as well as a small map with a QR code. Deciding Our Desired Future Together Acadia’s forests may shift from boreal trees like spruce and fir toward trees that grow better in a warmer climate, such as oak and hickory. The transition may not be smooth, as the climate is changing faster than tree species can migrate, and much stands in their way. Park staff and partners Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute are experimenting with planting native trees that could make up Acadia’s forest in a future climate. Deciding to keep Acadia’s forest as forest is a form of directing change. The story continues here and online.

Acadia National Park

The image is a typography guide for creating exhibit content, featuring text samples in different fonts on a white background. The fonts include Argent CF for headings, Proxima Nova for body copy, and ODE for historical flourishes. TYPOGRAPHY Effectively conveying exhibit content is the focus of type selection. The weight of line thicknesses contributes to legibility and readability. The contrast between the thick and thin areas within a character can add depth to a typeface. The x-height is the height from the bottom to the top of the lowercase letter "x." Most of the readability of a typeface comes from the information in the x-height. Typefaces with larger x-heights are more readable. The overall aesthetic of the typeface helps to convey exhibit-wide messages. Choosing the right typeface can help convey clean, professional design and a sense of clarity when presenting content to visitors. Argent CF for headings and sub-headings ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 0123456789?!&@‘ ’ “ ”«»%*^#$^/()][}{}., Proxima Nova for body copy and captions ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 0123456789?!&@‘ ’ “ ”«»%*^#$^/()][}{}., ODE for historical flourishes ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 0123456789?!&@‘ ’ “ ”«»%*^#$^/()][}{}, 13 | SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK | Design Development 3 106 Group

Likely San Antonio Missions National Historical Park

The image shows a National Park Service exhibit panel with text and physical samples related to cargo transported on canal boats. The display includes a small sack, a pile of flour, and a wooden block set against informational sections. Cargo & Competition Canal boats could carry up to 125 tons of cargo. Flour, for example, was carried on the boats in barrels that typically held 196 pounds. One ton would equal about 400 of these bags. 25 tons would equal 4,900 of them! The B&O Railroad and C&O Canal was in competition with the B&O Railroad, which ran along a similar route. By 1924 the railroad could transport 100 tons 30 miles much cheaper and faster than 12 tons could be transported on the canal in boats. In 1924 a devastating flood struck the canal and it could no longer be run efficiently or profitably after steel rail ties allowed greater dependability and service than canal boats. The canal went into receivership and closed permanently. It reopened to the public in 1938, but due to continuing financial strain, the company voted to officially 'abandon operations' in 1935. WHEAT Wheat was carried down the canal from the Potomac Valley's rich agricultural lands to the mills in Georgetown and other producing centers. Fertilizer shipped up the canal to farmers at 'Point of Rocks' dramatically improved yields of wheat. The highest quantity of wheat carried on the canal was 14,569 tons in 1871. LUMBER Lumber produced from Ferry's Catoctin River heading down the Potomac Valley was used in construction, excluding the canal locks on the canal. The highest quantity of lumber carried on the canal was 4,621 tons in 1859.

Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park

The image is a page from a National Park Service educational material, featuring text and illustrations related to Franklin D. Roosevelt. It contains a blueprint-style drawing of a wheelchair, a historical photograph, and a bird's-eye view illustration of a person in a hat, alongside descriptive text on a teal and beige background. PROLOGUE A Carefully Crafted Image The original 1927 summer house board at Franklin Roosevelt's personal stagecoach in the Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia. While Roosevelt was recouping there, the press agreed not to report on his disability while photographing the president. "Photographers, please be courteous and have an agreement with R.S.A. officials or editorials that photographs of the governor chair which show the chair's full photo are not to be published. H. Shubel, R.R." Because of this request, newsreels, newspaper photographs and public appearances of him walking while enjoying vacation in Georgia, and later from the White House, show him using extra wide swimming trunks to hide his wheelchair from public view." Hold Fast Facts While testing Roosevelt, doctors recommended patients with polio strengthen and exercise their shoulders and arms to pull themselves up manually for transportation. To achieve this, aides would place them in a wheelchair harness. [Redacted] they believed Roosevelt would show — as [redacted] not as visible [redacted] wheelchair itself. The images in this panel are the property of the Roosevelt Historical Society, to the right, the press accommodative to his view on disability.

National Mall & Memorial Parks

A wayside sign with a black background features an illustration of a snake on the left side. The right side of the sign contains white text. WATCH YOUR STEP Included in this list of fauna in the Outer Banks, exclusive to the Buxton Woods Maritime Forest, is North Carolina's largest and most temperamental snake, commonly called by some to be genetta, Canebreak, or the timber rattler. They are generally not aggressive and will retreat if left unmolested. They stand their ground if approached by potential predators as well as human visitors, and a stand taken usually ends successfully for the snake. They are easily recognized by their light-colored background accentuating narrow, vertical, uneven black chevrons. Although considered very rare, they do exist in Buxton Woods. Caution is urged when you hear a distinct, loud, high-pitched buzz in the woods. Don't put your hands and feet where you can't see. Snakes have an aura of fascinating contradiction, frequently killing humans while being the world’s largest non-lethal creature.

Cape Hatteras National Seashore

The image is a design drawing for an exhibit titled "Scene 07: Design Drawing." It includes three diagrams: a House History Elevation Plan, a House History Elevation, and a House History Isometric, all at a scale of 3/8" = 1'-0". The illustrations show the layout and dimensions of display panels set up vertically with various measurements marked. Text: 1. House History Elevation Plan Scale: 3/8" = 1'-0" 2. House History Elevation Scale: 3/8" = 1'-0" 3. House History Isometric Scale: 3/8" = 1'-0" F.3.a Topic panels GL-07-02-19 14"x24" GL-07-02-20 34"x20" GL-07-02-21 20"x18" GL-07-02-22 16"x28" GL-07-02-22 20"x18" SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK | Design Development 3 EX-06 PNT-1

Likely San Antonio Missions National Historical Park

The image is a graphic layout for a National Park Service exhibit titled "Sparking a Legacy." It features a green and beige background with two images—a historical document and a painting, along with text discussing the impact of the Declaration of Independence. --- Sparking a Legacy The signers of the Declaration of Independence knew they were making history. But they could not have predicted how widespread and lasting the Declaration’s impact would be. Subsequent generations looked to it for inspiration, and other nations used it as a model for their own declarations of independence. As the Declaration’s words became repeated, reused, and debated, new meanings emerged. The Declaration of Independence has influenced political, social, and cultural change around the world. Its legacy continues today. "An instrument, pregnant with our own and the fate of the world." Thomas Jefferson, 1820 Thomas Stone National Historic Site Port Tobacco, MD

Likely Thomas Stone National Historic Site

The image is a page from an educational material, featuring a parchment-like background with text instructions. It contains section headers and questions related to a visit to a park. Skills of a Lawyer Thomas Stone’s many responsibilities required him to pay careful attention to detail. As a lawyer, Stone needed precise information to write legal contracts and wills. As you explore the park, use the same skills Thomas Stone practiced as a lawyer. There are four areas of the park to investigate. Make observations and answer the questions for two areas to complete the activity. Visitor Center 1. Is the American flag on the flagpole raised, removed, or at half-staff? 2. Where is the largest National Park Service arrowhead? Stone Family Cemetery 1. How many “table gravestones” are in the cemetery? 2. What society placed a marker at the foot of Thomas Stone’s gravestone? Thomas Stone House 1. How many chimneys does the house have? 2. How many outside doors does the house have? The Outbuildings 1. What color is the horse barn? 2. Which is larger, the tobacco barn or the corn crib?

Thomas Stone National Historic Site

The book cover features a title in bold, purple text over a faint background of a historical map of Washington, D.C. Below the title, there are two black-and-white photographs of women suffragists, one smaller photo in the top right and a larger one at the bottom depicting women with banners in front of a statue. A RADICAL SUFFRAGIST in WASHINGTON, D.C. AN INSIDE STORY OF THE NATIONAL WOMAN'S PARTY SHIRLEY M. MARSHALL

BEPA,NAMA

A museum exhibit showcases a long spear with a stone tip on a dark green background. The display includes images of stone projectile points and a historical drawing of Native American fishermen. Text: Classic Evidence Carefully shaped (knapped) projectile points are classic evidence of indigenous hunters. At sites near water, the iconic evidence takes a different form. There, archeologists find stones or bones shaped, sharpened, and used as tools. What’s in a Name? Many people in historic Europe and the colonial U.S. called themselves, or were often called, “Whites” … however, the word was not a racial description. It was a reference to economics … Identifying oneself as White meant one could own property and people who were not classified as White … Collectively all people who did this, no matter what their ancestral background, identified as Creole or White … that’s different than the 20th century concept of white and black. Projectile Points, date unknown

Likely Cape Lookout National Seashore

The image is an educational display from the National Park Service, featuring a map, two historical photographs, and text blocks on a background of a wooded landscape. The layout includes various sections with historical quotes and descriptions related to the Sand Creek Massacre. --- Conflict Within and Without Some Soldiers Refuse to Fight Shortly after opening fire on the village, 1st Regiment soldiers moved along both sides of the village. Cpt. Soule and Lt. Cramer led their men west, around the fighting, and purposefully did not engage. Many of their men were reluctant to attack people they knew were peaceful. "I refused to fire and swore that none but a coward would." Capt. Silas S. Soule, Company D, 1st Regiment Cavalry, Colorado Volunteers, (from a Letter written to Maj. Edward Wynkoop, December 14, 1864.) Howling Wolf’s Counter Attack On the opposite side of the valley, a small group of mounted Cheyenne warriors including Howling Wolf moved northeast of the village. Hoping to flank the soldiers and gain time for fleeing women and children, the warriors encountered Company C, 1st Regiment, under Lt. Kennedy. Howling Wolf and the warriors engaged Kennedy’s men, inflicting the heaviest casualties the regiment suffered during the attack. Cheyenne and Arapaho Fight Back Artillery continued to shell the Cheyenne and Arapaho who were escaping north along the creek bed. Many Cheyenne and Arapaho men, like Standing Elk, chose to fight back. “He was trying to shoot…with bows and arrows but couldn’t hit them against their guns.” Jesse Howling Water (Relating the story of his Cheyenne Great Grandfather Standing Elk) “…my grandfather went back into his tipi, grabbed his weapons, bows and arrows and maybe a rifle that he had…he came out, starting to fight his way out of the battle.” Ray Brady relating the account of his Cheyenne Grandfather Braided Hair on the morning of the attack. (Sand Creek Massacre Project, Site Location Study, Vol. 1) “Chief O-Kin-nee (Lone Bear) escaped the first onslaught, but when he saw his people being killed he went back to join the fight, eventually losing his own life.” Leonard Hudnell talking about his Cheyenne Grandfather (Pueblo Chieftain, November 28, 1940 “Battle of Sand Creek in Eastern Colorado Really Indian Massacre,” by Le Roy Boyd) Background photo: NPS Photographs of Captain Silas S. Soule, 1864, Photo courtesy Denver Public Library, and an elder’s Howling Wolf, sketched by Roy Seward, Topeka, KS, Image courtesy Kansas State Historical Society.

Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site

The image is a page from a National Park Service educational material, featuring sections of text in black font on a white background, divided by horizontal lines. There are no illustrations, photographs, maps, or diagrams visible. No Vampires Need Apply Although Mammoth Cave is not currently used by large numbers of bats, twelve species, including two endangered species, live here. As insect-eaters and plant pollinators, bats may be among the most beneficial animals to people and other living things. By consuming huge numbers of insects, bats work as a "natural insecticide," controlling crop pests and insects that may spread disease. Little brown bats, one of the common species in Mammoth Cave, can eat 600 mosquitoes in an hour. In addition, many cultivated plants that we enjoy – including avocados, dates, peaches, bananas, and cashews – depend on bats for pollination. Despite their value, many species of bats are needlessly threatened – by direct killing, by vandalism, by disturbance to hibernating and maternity colonies, by the use of pesticides, and by habitat destruction. Consequently, bat populations in the United States and throughout the world have been declining dramatically. Hopping, Scuttling, Swimming When you visit Mammoth Cave, you're far more likely to see crickets than bats. Crickets, actually a kind of grasshopper, are trogloxenes too. They spend much of their lives in the cave but depend on night-time forays on the surface to gather food. Because Mammoth Cave lacks large bat populations, crickets are extremely important in delivering energy, in the form of droppings, eggs, and carcasses, to other animals in the cave. Another group of cave animals, the troglophiles (or cave lovers), have evolved a step closer to cave dependency than the trogloxenes. Troglophiles can survive for their entire lifetime in caves, but they can also live exclusively on the surface, where they select cool dark places reminiscent of the cave environment. Troglophiles include crayfish, springfish, salamanders, and spiders. Troglobites, the group of cave animals most highly adapted to cave life, cannot survive outside caves. Troglobites, including eyeless fish and crayfish, illustrate creative adaptations to their environment. With no need for camouflage or protection from the sun, many of these animals have lost pigmentation and left their eyes have no use. Most have developed other highly sensitive sensory organs to detect predators and prey. Because food in caves is scarce, full-time cave dwellers tend to be smaller, with lower metabolism and longer lifespans than their surface counterparts. In Danger … The lifestyles of all cave animals highlight the fragility and interconnectedness of the surface and the cave environments. Ultimately, the energy that feeds cave animals comes from the surface. In addition, land-use practices outside the park impact water quality and the lifeforms in the cave. Even visitors entering the cave impact the underground world. Lighting, trail construction, building unnatural entrances, and noise from cave tours, affect the inhabitants of this sensitive and fascinating underground world.

Mammoth Cave National Park

The image features a photograph of the Edmund Pettus Bridge, with a bright blue sky in the background. The bridge is made of metal and has a vertical clearance sign. The top of the image has a black banner with the National Park Service logo. Text: "Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail EDMUND PETTUS BRIDGE VERTICAL CLEARANCE 14'-10""

Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail

The image features an illustrated scene of two people operating a boat on a river with trees and a structure in the background. The foreground text, set against a green header, introduces information about Captain George Pointer. Who is Captain George Pointer? Captain George Pointer was one of the many workers on the Patowmack Canal. Over the course of 17 years the Patowmack Canal was built by both enslaved and indentured laborers and hired free workers. George Pointer was one of the many enslaved people who were rented to the Patowmack Canal company. While being forced to work on the canal, George Pointer was able to save enough money to buy his freedom. Once he was a free person, he continued to work for the Patowmack Canal Company for over 40 years. He eventually became the last Superintendent Engineer for the canal. As superintendent, George Pointer was in charge of the construction of the Wing Dam. Today, the Wing Dam is the only consistently operational structure from the canal at Great Falls Park. This means more than 200 years after it was constructed, George Pointer's creation is still here at Great Falls. In 1829 George Pointer wrote a twelve-page letter to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company. The letter was a way for George Pointer to change the new canal's construction path. George Pointer wanted the construction path to change because the proposed construction would destroy his home. The letter to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company told the story of George Pointer's life and his significant contributions to the Patowmack Canal. Today George Pointer's nearly 200-year-old letter is preserved at the National Archives. Also, Park Rangers at Great Falls Park used the letter and worked with the descendants of George Pointer to uplift this untold story.

Great Falls Park (Owned by GWMP)

The image is a National Park Service educational material with a large aerial photograph of mangrove swamps and canals, text sections, and a graph showing salinity readings. The layout includes headers, a quote, descriptive paragraphs, and a data chart with color gradients. Natural Resources Management Cape Sable Canals National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior South Florida Natural Resources Center Everglades National Park “All the Cape Sable peninsula is a wild, tangled, pathless mangrove swamp, extending back a number of miles to the open sawgrass marshes of the Everglades. In the embraces of this swamp lie a series of shallow lakes with muddy bottoms... The whole region is as flat as a floor, and hardly above the level of the sea.” – Herbert K. Job. *Wild Wings.* 1905. The southernmost point in the continental United States, the Cape Sable peninsula extends from the southwestern tip of Florida into the Gulf of Mexico and Florida Bay... *Monthly Salinity Readings at Bear Lake in Parts per Thousand (ppt)* – Salinities greater than 40 ppt are detrimental to juvenile American crocodiles... – Salinity levels below 20 ppt are optimal for growth and development... With nothing to impede the tidal influence, areas north and east of the canals have increased in salinity. Data courtesy of Peter Frezza, Audubon of Florida. East Cape Canal and sedimentation Photo courtesy of Brigitte Vlaswinkel, University of Miami

Everglades National Park

The image has a vintage illustration of a man in colonial attire on the left, with text on a yellow and beige background. There are highlighted sections in red and green, and the layout is structured for educational purposes. --- 5 John Calwell’s Success “Child! I see you are running around doing errands for people today. Good. Good. If you stay busy and do the work that needs doing, you will do fine in Georgia. Idleness leads nowhere. In fact, could you deliver these candles to Mrs. Davison for me? There might be a reward for you.” John Calwell was Frederica’s most successful settler, partially because he had a surprisingly important job. He was a chandler, or candlemaker. If you look in your haversack you will find a candle like Calwell made. He made his candles out of boiled animal fat, or tallow. It is amazing that a man who boiled fat for a living was so successful. He made money because he provided an important product – candles to make light in a society without electricity. What types of jobs would be important for starting a town like Frederica? Make a list of important jobs below. (Think of what people need to survive). Important Colonial jobs: Today, much of our work life has changed, but still some jobs remain important to society. List below the jobs you think are important today. Important modern jobs: A Frederica Fact Frederica had a lot of different types of jobs. In a list of occupations, there were over 30 different types of work done by people at Frederica. Go to the Davison-Hawkins Houses (Number 6 on your map).

Fort Frederica National Monument