No signs of technology on exoplanet K2-18 b
An artist's rendering of K2-18 b, a potentially habitable exoplanet located 124 light-years from Earth. Credit: Arndt Stelter, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
The latest search for life on the headline–making exoplanet K2-18 b has come up empty. But the team says that they have developed a framework that could shape how scientists hunt for extraterrestrial life for years to come.
In a study posted to the arXiv preprint server and accepted for publication by _The Astrophysical Journal_ , researchers conducted one of the broadest and most sensitive technosignature searches ever in the K2-18 planetary system. Technosignatures are observable signs of technology that could indicate the presence of intelligent life.
Using the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico and the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa, the team observed the K2-18 system for 33 days, the length of a year on the planet K2-18 b. After filtering out radio frequency interference (RFI) and other noise, they found no radio signals consistent with a technological origin.
## Our hycean neighbor
The exoplanet K2-18 b is a sub-Neptune — a planet smaller than Neptune but larger than Earth — and for the past few years, a group of researchers led by Nikku Madhusudhan at the University of Cambridge has floated it as a prime candidate for habitability. Located 124 light-years from Earth, K2-18 b orbits within the habitable zone of its namesake host star: the red dwarf K2-18. Recent analyses of the exoplanet’s atmosphere by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed both methane and carbon dioxide in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.
This, the team has proposed, is consistent with what they call a hycean world: a hypothetical class of habitable planet with a thick hydrogen atmosphere overlying a liquid ocean. Follow-up work from this team suggested the atmosphere of K2-18 b may contain a signal of dimethyl sulfide that they consider to be a potential biosignature — though this interpretation has been heavily disputed by other researchers.
Because K2-18 b is one of the most enticing places to search for extraterrestrial life, scientists have broadened the search to include radio technosignatures. This approach operates under the assumption that if there’s advanced civilizations out there, they might communicate just like we do — and we might be able to detect those communications.
## The hunt begins
If any civilization wishes to make its presence known across the cosmos, narrowband radio signals are an ideal form of beacon. This idea dates back to a foundational 1959 paper by Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison that launched the modern search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Nature doesn’t tend to produce narrowband signals — stars and galaxies generally emit across broad swaths of the spectrum. But most of Earth’s own detectable radio leakage, for example, consists of narrowband signals from powerful radio systems like the Deep Space Network.
The team used the VLA and MeerKAT to hunt for narrowband radio signals coming from the K2-18 system. The VLA observations were conducted over multiple days between Sept. 29 and Dec. 21, 2023, and MeerKAT observed the system across three sessions in late September and early October 2023. Together, the observations covered at least one full orbital period of K2-18 b, which takes about 33 days to circle its star. The search spanned frequencies from 544 MHz to 9.8 GHz — a significantly broader range than previous technosignature searches of K2-18 b, and at sensitivities capable of detecting transmitters up to a thousand times weaker.
After processing millions of detected signals — over 20 million from VLA alone — the team found no transmissions consistent with a technological origin. While a null result isn’t the most exciting find, what may prove more significant is the methodology they developed to cut through the noise and identify artificial signals — a framework that can now be used for other hycean worlds.
## A new methodology
After masking out known sources of interference, eliminating machine noise, and cutting signals that were too strong or too weak to be genuine detections, the team applied a series of filters to narrow down the list of candidate signals to only legitimate technosignatures. First, they used the telescopes’ multiple beams to check whether a signal was coming specifically from the direction of K2-18 b or showing up all across the sky. For MeerKAT, that single step eliminated every remaining signal. For the VLA, roughly 14,600 signals survived and were subjected to further filtering.
Because K2-18 b is moving through space, any signal originating from the planet would experience a Doppler shift as it travels to Earth — similar to how light from distant galaxies is redshifted as they move away from us. Signals that didn’t match the drift rate expected from K2-18 b were thrown out, along with any signals with a drift rate of zero, which are almost certainly terrestrial in origin.
The team also checked whether signals persisted when the planet passed behind its host star — a genuine technosignature from the planet’s surface couldn’t reach Earth during that window. And since K2-18 b is orbiting its star, a real signal should shift in frequency and drift rate over time, so any signal that remained unchanged across multiple observing days was eliminated. Finally, surviving candidates were visually inspected.
This search does not definitively prove that there is no life on K2-18 b or even that there is no technology. As the paper points out, “This result is consistent with several possibilities: K2–18 b may be uninhabited, it may host pre-technological life, or any technologically capable civilization may employ communication modalities that are not detectable with our current observing strategy (e.g., non-radio, broadband, low-duty cycle, or highly encrypted signals).”
Ultimately, the methodology the team built doesn’t just apply to K2-18 b — it can be used on any exoplanet that looks like a good candidate for habitability. As bigger and more powerful telescopes come online in the coming years – like the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) and the next generation Very Large Array (ngVLA), that framework will only become more valuable. K2-18 b may not have answered the question of whether we’re alone, but it is helping scientists figure out how to ask it better.
No signs of technology on exoplanet K2-18 b The latest search for life on the headline–making exoplanet K2-18 b has come up empty. But the team says that they have developed a framework that coul...
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